The conflict between Russia and Ukraine Essay Example for Free

The conflict amid Russia and Ukraine EssayThe conflict between Russia and Ukraine over the annual hit man transactions and dealings has been mostly intermittent. This presents the gravity of the matter, alongside the fact that the conflict has mainly been seen to transcend the two parties so as to generally affect europiuman countries that heavily rely on this bluster. The negative effect of the war stems from the fact that the gas is clearly seen to be Russian, and the transiting route for this gas is Ukraine. real lists of those countries that are hurting as a result of this state of affair are the actual EU member states and the potential EU member states. The postal service at the moment continues to aggravate, given the fact that these countries are in the verge of facing an acute disruption of oil depict, a situation that experts such as Adamski, Johnson and Schweiss (2006)1 say is likely to culminate into a dearth in security in vim supply. This state of affair on ly means that European heart is to undergo a lot of repercussions and has a lot of vested interests in the ongoing discussions on the common energy policy.At the moment, it is true that the incumbent conflict has move the issue of solidarity among the EU member states into the limelight. Herein, there is a rush being made at a full throttle by EU nations to take in a steady supply of gas individually so as to ward off cases of disruptions. Similarly, these countries in Europe are trying to ensure redistribution from non touch on member states, to those that are affected. However, the tenability of this rule is called to questions severally, owing to the diversity of interests that the member states have. Apart from the above effects, sundry types of effects the gas clamor has wrought on European countries are addressed heretofore.Bilateral and Multilateral suspicion among European nations and the plummeting of Gas SupplyIt can be said with some degree of clarity that the Russia n- Ukrainian conflict has taken a new twist into this affair that is causing spiraling degree of tension in the entire Europe. January 6th 2008 attach a new phase in this affair as the chief Ukrainian gas company, Naftogaz accused publicly, the Russian gas giant, Gazprom of do cuts to Europe by at least two-thirds. As a rebuttal to this, the deputy Chief Executive Officer of Gazprom Alexander Medvedev, made stark indictments of the Ukrainian government for having fill up down, at least three fourths of its export pipelines (Carr, 2007)2.At the moment, the underlying issue is that Russia has assuaged the level of supply for her natural gas, meaning that two-fifths of EUs total gas imports have been extirpated. Because of this, predominantly eastern European countries remaining dependent on Russian imports have remained consistently susceptible to questionings over energy dependence. Similarly, EU has been grill too, on the account that its policy makers have always talked of fin ding and securing recourse to Russian gas continually without any achievement to show for it.On a domestic front, since January 6th, Eastern Europe countries have remained subjected to gas rationing, following announcements by the OMV, an Austrian energy company that its daily supply of natural gas had plummeted by 10%. According to LeCoq and Paltseva (2008)3, this was followed by Romania reporting a reduction in natural gas supplies by 75%, followed by Hungarys 25%, and Bulgarias 15%. In the same vein, Croatia, the Czech Republic and Poland reported diminishing amounts of gas supply, albeit on a smaller scale.Stalling Growth of the European Countries economic systemIt is pointed out by political scientists and economists such as Scott (2009)4 that the present standoff over gas between Ukraine and Russia is only bound aggravate the economic press in countries of Eastern Europe. This is because many of these countries are presently facing exorbitant prices in fuel commodities too a situation that means that even the be of electric power has skyrocketed of late.The above state of affair, leading to high cost of production, only means that commodity prices are excessively likely to take a nosedive. These glaring facts are well underscored by the fact that Slovakia announced on January 7th 2009, that it was facing a state of emergency, due to dwindling reserves. Similarly, whereas Hungary can precisely breathe due to stifled gas consumption by industrial users, Croatia, Turkey and Slovenia now have their gas supplies totally severed. Nonetheless, according to Pierre Noels calculations, the most affected countries are Lithuania, Latvia, Slovakia and Hungary (Scott, Ibid). Stunted Development in the Industrial SectorIt is pointed out by economists such as Lacolizado (2003)5 that the current situation is also likely to subject a lot of Eastern European countries to industrial stagnation. This development comes in the wake of the revelation that smaller countries in Eastern Europe are witnessing foreclosures in the industrial sector, following two reasons the minimal and deficient supply of gas in the oil- dependent industrial sector and the rising prices in gas and gas products, owing to the miniscule supply and the increased demand.As a state, Slovakia remains the most express epitome of the above scenario, as it is making indictments over the dwindling reserves that has entrenched a state of emergency in this country. Hungary also reports inefficient industrial supply of gas in the industrial sector, as a factor that has inculcated retrogressive tendencies in the industrial sector.Loss of Credibility by the EUOne of the issues that undercut the continual standoff between Russia and Ukraine is the fact that EU itself cannot come to the rescue of many nations in this situation, given the fact that although having a clear grasp on what the oil war portends, yet, EU lacks the moral authority to correct either side. Neither can EU simply coer ce Ukraine to resume transportation, nor can it side with Ukraine against Russia. In 2006, EU which has been reenforcement Ukraine traditionally as a fledgling democracy accused Russia of political patronage and espionage towards Ukraine (Scott, Op ct).Apart from the fact that pushing Russia to resume oil transportation and supply would confirm fears of EUs lopsidedness against Russia, EU knows so well that the current impasse is not due to Russias machinations. Compelling Ukraine to resume her gas transit obligations would hurt her as a democratic and economic youngling. The only recourse left for EU is to keep issuing general statements and to keep handicraft sides for negotiations. It is by the virtue of this EUs apparent failure that it scored a mere 33% in 2008 in votes from citizens in EU member countries, as far as its credibility is concerned.ConclusionBy extension of the above Eastern Europe gas crises, researches point out that in the next decade, the piece is going to witness an intensified wave of dependency on major powers in Eastern Europe by relatively smaller economies such as Lithuania, Latvia, Turkey, Slovenia and Poland. These major powers in the Eastern block are bound to be only two- Germany and Russia. This is because, Russia herself monopolizes the supply of gas, while Germany on the other hand, has a separate energy deal with Russia. Apart from the fact that these two countries are the most developed in Eastern Europe, their accessibility to gas while their neighbors suffer lack, is bound to unfold the industrial chasm between these two sides.ReferencesAdamski, J., Johnson, M. and Schweiss, C. (2006). The Evolution of Europe and New Security Threat. Colorado Ashgate Publishing.Carr, A. (2007). The Gas Conflict in Europe. California University of California.Europa Publications. (1999). The Commonwealth of Independent States and Eastern Europe. Europa Publications.Lacolizado, A., et al (2003). The Position of Russia in Eastern Europe. New York Rutledge.LeCoq, A. and Paltseva, P. (2008). Ascertaining Security and External Supplies in the EU. Retrieved Fromhttp//209.85.229.132/search?q=cacheLZaiqxBpVawJwww2.hhs.se/site/policybriefs/Russia_Ukraine%2520comment.pdf+HOW+THE+GAS+CONFLICT+IN+RUSSIA+AND+ turn up+COUNTRIES+AFFECTED+EUROPEcd=2hl=enct=clnkgl=keScott, M. (Jan 6th 2009). Russian-Ukrainian Conflict Besets Europe Business Week. Retrieved From http//209.85.229.132/search?q=cacheMM8_mTzwy2QJwww.businessweek.com/globalbiz/blog/europeinsight/archives/2009/01/russia-ukraine.html+HOW+THE+GAS+CONFLICT+IN+RUSSIA+AND+NEAR+COUNTRIES+AFFECTED+EUROPEcd=1hl=enct=clnkgl=ke

The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin Essay Example for Free

The Autobiography of genus Benzoin Franklin EssayThe book The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin is a decisively written personal story of the one of the most famous Presidents in the US history Benjamin Franklin. The book is very adumbrate as the author tells the story of his childhood and his way to future values and beliefs. It is necessary to agree with Franklins idea that mint should always strive for self-reformation and self-perfection. Therefore, Franklin decided to develop effective communication skills and meaningful techniques of conduct.He seems to be the person to follow. During the years of American Revolution Benjamin Franklin showed himself as an ardent proponent of political and economic independence of the state of matter. Actually, he had all the makings to become a clever President. The autobiography is very rich because Franklin was also one of the Founding Fathers and American ambassador to France. I liked the idea he told about printing trade and Poor Richards Almanac. Franklin allowed people to share his fears and hopes to make country powerful and independent.Furthermore, his humility for his country and citizens is to be admired. When reading the book is becomes clear that Franklin is interested in the reading habits of people. Moreover, he notes that such people are provided with poetical souls. He admired this quality in people the most. Apparently, Franklins though is marked bys strong pragmatic tendencies because he is less concerned with ideals, rather with functions and work. much(prenominal) pragmatism results a list of core virtues and values making the book striking and impressive.Nevertheless, Franklin is considered practical men and all those virtues are practical as well. He argues if idea is simple it is easily applied. Franklin wasnt interested in abstract morality. The mentioned above humility belongs to the list of his virtues. And I agree with him that humility is important for people as it reflects their b eings. As for me, the book is brilliantly written and ensures enjoyable reading. References Franklin, Benjamin. (1996). The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin. USA Dover Thrift Publications.

Energy Efficiency And Household Appliances Construction Essay

Energy Efficiency And Household Appliances Construction EssayA district naught system produces steam, hot water, or chilled water in a central plant. The steam or water is then piped directly to individual buildings for heating, air teach or water. Under this system, individual alkalis do not need their own boilers or furnaces, chillers or air conditioning units. It has several advantages District cypher is button effectual, reliable, and convenient for consumers, decreases building capital and life cycle costs, and allows for more flexibility in architectural design. Localized systems for heat and cooling production are familiar in Western Europe and also bump offer potential for strength skill in third world countries. Appropriate policies are crucial to the triumph of these systems. District heating can easily incorporate renewable energy, including biomass and waste products. They can also recycle industrial waste heat. District heating currently accounts for 30% fi nal energy utilisation in Russia and Belarus. Most district heating provides combined heat and power (cogeneration), a highly energy efficient option. District cooling, which is underrepresented in transition economies, utilizes absorption technologies.According to the EIA, gimmicks account for 64.7% of electrical energy consumption in the average US home. However, increasing power for appliances is hampered by the situation that TVs and computers are not covered by federal standards. As a result, the EIA believes that computers and related equipment will be a strong driver of residential consumption and will increase at the same rate as population growth. This a scenario that is likely to be witnessed in the rest of the developed world, as home computer use grows.In the US the DOE funds some state rebate programs for consumers purchasing Energy Star-qualified appliances. Though some states have already closed their programs, many others open throughout 2010 and will continue unt il February 2011 or when all funding is spent. Additionally, the DOE has recently stepped up their enforcement of appliance efficiency standards practically appliances are labeled to show their energy use and environmental characteristics. The US Environmental Protection Agency offers the Energy Star label, which indicates the appliance has met specific political science standards for energy efficiency, performance, reasonable return on investment through reduced energy costs, and other criteria.In China, as populations urbanize and homes gain electricity, use of residential appliances is expected to increase significantly. According to a Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) June 2009 report on residential energy use in China, 21% of household electricity consumption in China comes from air conditioners, refrigerators, habit washers and dryers, and televisions, while 9% comes from lighting alone., Clothes washers, air conditioners, and refrigerators are all subject to manda tory efficiency labeling in China,. Efficiency labels range from 1 (55-65% minimum standard energy usage) to 5 (90-100% minimum standard energy usage.) China also has mandatory efficiency standards for a number of household appliances including irons, rice cookers, fans, dehumidifiers, and televisions, and voluntary labeling for microwaves, water heaters, computers, and a number of other appliances, according to the Collaborative Labeling and Appliance Standard Program.A troop 2010 report by the European Council for an Energy Efficient Economy found that in the fifteen countries that joined the European Union between 1995 and 2006, sales of televisions flush nearly one-third by 2006. In the twenty-five countries that joined the EU by 2004, researchers estimated that each household would, on average, have two televisions by 2010. The EU has set a goal to have 80% of all households equipped with a sharp electricity meter by 2020, and has mandatory and voluntary energy usage standar ds and labels for several appliances, among them refrigerators, freezers, clothes washers, dishwashers, ovens, room and central air conditioners, space heaters and lamps, according to the Collaborative Labeling and Appliance Standard Program.Smart appliancesSmart appliances take other step towards energy efficiency by automatically synching high energy use (such a defrost cycle in a refrigerator) with the time of twenty-four hours energy rates are at their lowest, and going into energy-saving mode when rates are highest, based on signals picked up from utilities. General Electric Appliances and Lightings line of smart appliances include smart refrigerators, as well as microwaves that reduce wattage during peak hours, dishwashers that agree starting cycling until rates are low, and clothes washers and dryers that delay starting until off-peak times. Smart appliances can be wirelessly linked together, along with smart meters, by home automation technologies for maximal efficiency.G E has several smart appliance pilot projects now under way. In the US, the Vineyard Energy Project on the island of Marthas Vineyard, Massachusetts is testing management of smart appliances from a central tame room. Energy managers at the central location manage the electric load of the appliances in the home, restricting their operation during peak consumption points when the grid is under cover and electricity prices are high. For example, the central control room might reduce water temperature slightly of home hot water tanks during peak periods through outback(a) communication with the appliances. The program allows 50 consumers to buy, at cost, the smart appliances. GE hopes to see how consumers react to outside management of their appliances and how this changes their energy consumption patterns.GE also has undertaken a smart appliance pilot project in Masdar City in the United Arab Enmities, which is striving to become a zero emissions city. Homes equipped with lease res ponse-enabled refrigerators, cooktops and clothes washers/dryers receive signals from the grid, which simulates peak energy usage periods. The energy manager and smart appliances respond to real-time grid signals and customize the appliances actions to save energy and reduce demand on the grid. Because the appliances measure their own energy consumption, the program will supply a level of detail about energy consumption patterns not typically available. Indeed, traditionally the utility meter measures only overall household energy use.GE also has a smart appliance pilot underway in conjunction with Louisville Gas Electric, a US utility in Kentucky. GE employees are participating and have thus far reported peak energy savings as high as 20% The GE appliances work by receiving a signal from the utilitys smart meter which alerts the appliances when a peak period occurs. The appliances are programmed to avoid energy usage during that time or lower their wattage. Customer have the choic e of overriding the program if they want the appliance to work on as if grid conditions are normal and no energy reductions are needed.Transportation technologies have improved significantly in the last several old age. Vehicles are being built with increasingly efficient power-train systems and light weight materials. Hybrid electric technologies are growing in market penetration. There is likely to be even greater levels of displace efficiency in vehicles over the next two decades. In the US, for example, fuel economy will increase by 40% by 2030, according to the NREL. In turn, fuel economy will create consumer savings of about $300 to $500 each year, according to the US DOE. some(prenominal) of the savings comes from use of hybrid, electric, biodiesel, and other alternative vehicle technologies.Under current technology, only about 15-20% of the energy from fuel is used to move the car prevail over or run accessories, such as air conditioning. The remaining energy is lost to engine and driveline inefficiencies and idling, according to the US DOE. Automobile efficiency can be improved through changes to the engine and the transmission.Several engine technology improvements can affect efficiency, such as direct fuel injection systems that create more precise timing and control of fuel mist, which creates higher performance and lower fuel consumption. Turbochargers and superchargers may allow more compressed air and fuel to be injected into the engine cylinders, generating extra power from each explosion, which allows manufacturers to user smaller engines without sacrificing performance. An integrated starter/generator also can automatically turn the engine off when the vehicle comes to a stop and restart it inst when the accelerator is pressed so that fuel isnt wasted during idling.Regenerative braking can be used to convert mechanically skillful energy lost in braking into electricity, which is stored in a battery and used to electrify the starter.In a ddition improvements to the transmission can lead to better fuel economy. For example, what is known as continuously variable transmission (CVT)saves fuel by using a pair of variable-diameter pulleys connected by a belt or chain that can produce an infinite number of engine/wheel speed ratios. This replaces traditional gears. Another transmission improvement is automated manual transmission (AMT), which combines the most efficient features of manual and automatic transmissions.Computer chips also have enhanced automotive efficiency by allowing engines to create more power and few emissions with less energy. Vehicle manufacturers also can improve fuel economy by replacing steel with lighter weight aluminum, magnesium, and plastics or composites. In the years leading up to 2007, the amount of steel in a light vehicle decreased from 41.4% to 40.3% and advanced materials increased by 0.4%, according to NREL

Impact of the Internet on Developing Countries

Impact of the meshwork on ontogeny CountriesAbstractThe net income has solely spayd the selective knowledge management scene in authoritative countries. It has modify the communication systems and has developed manipulationr-friendly environments for schooling sharing and exchange. The benefits of the mesh in developed countries mother inspired the developing countries to develop the profit and white plague it to their benefit. The net income is now changing the cultivation practices in various sectors in developing countries. The impact of the cyberspace has caused developing countries to modify traditional methods of conducting knowledge business by setting up new sources of training and new methods of communication on a globose basis. The cyberspace has helped the developing countries to take advantage of chief(prenominal) course to global sources of randomness in order to improve their economic grocery stores.In this paper we depart dissertate the evolu tion of the net profit along with the atmosphere, which initiated the reaping of the net in developing countries. We will touch upon the constraints involved in promoting meshing proceeds, the models used to enhance profit growth, the atomic number 18as benefited by the net income and the future of earnings in developing countries. We tolerate focused our discussion on the impact of the Internet on the two or so populous developing countries, India and China.IntroductionIn todays world where globalization is inevitable if you want to succeed, the Internet is your only respite. The Internet has revolutionized education technology and made information access across boundaries very easy. It has spread in all spheres of life and you can non think of life without the Internet. Come to think of it, how did the Internet evolve and how did it become such an essential part of our lives?The Internet has created competition by bringing numerous international and indigenous informa tion technology vendors on to the same platform and has brocaded the standards of quality of services. Even though the Internet has its advantages, the developing countries argon facing a lot of issues in utilise it to achieve maximum benefits. Some concerns are related to the floor costs, language and cultural barriers, political barriers and economic costs. If the issues related to the growth of the Internet can be tackled, in that location would be phenomenal growth in the economy of the developing countries due to the benefits of the Internet.Statement of PurposeThe three major aspects involved in the overall development of a country are economic, political and social. As it is evident from the success of the Internet in developed countries, and will be clear from the examples stated in the paper, we can see that the Internet plays a very important role in all these aspects.It is evident from the extent of usage of the Internet in our daily lives that it has and will continu e to change the way we live. How it has changed, and how it will continue to change our lives, is the reason for discussion on the topic of Impact of the Internet in Developing Countries. We are discussing the impact of the Internet specifically on developing countries because the awareness and number of users of the Internet is still outgrowth. As compared to the number of users of the Internet, the effect of the benefits of the Internet has been phenomenal.Evolution of the InternetThe idea of the Internet originated about 25 years ago at the US Defense Department Advanced research Projects Agency (ARPA), to keep track of data by computer hardware and software. The Internet is now a complex web of lucres connected with high-speed links cutting across countries. on that point are no set boundaries for the Internet in network. Recent statistics show 50,000 networks in more than coulomb countries with more than 50 million users (MIDS press release). It is estimated that the rat e of growth in Internet use is around 20 per cent a month. Currently the Internet is not proprietary and is available to anyone with computer access connected to the impertinent world. Since the USA launched the information superhighway in 1994, the Internet has come to play an ever-increasing role in the vast information market in many countries.Malaysias summit Minister, Mahathir Mohammed, once saidIt can be no accident that there is today no wealthy developed country that is information poor, and no information rich country that is poor and underdevelopedThis statement emphasizes the importance of the Internet for developing countries. From an international perspective access to and use of the Internet is unbalanced there are obvious gaps between developed and developing countries in terms of the numbers of nets, hosts and users. cultivation purlieu in Developing CountriesChina and India have the highest race among the developing countries. With the vast population, the mar ket for the Internet in these countries is huge. Both India and China are information-rich countries with a long tradition of learning and applying their knowledge. Both countries have had phenomenal growth economically and are utilizing information technology and information management for the same. The reduction in the price of personal computers and the multimedia influx only quicken the growth in Internet usage.For countries with vast information centers, the Internet proves to be the most valuable resource.Chinese general information systems are divided into 6 categories(1) Information centers affiliated with the subject Scientific and Technical Commission(2) Information centers belonging to central government ministries(3) Information centers of a provincial nature(4) Information centers of a specialized nature affiliated to regional governments(5) Information centers affiliated with state enterprises, universities and other research institutions(6) Information centers of n on-governmental, regional, professional and similar bodiesIn India, at the national level the main sources of information include(1) Various line ministries(2) The Central Statistical Organization (CSO)(3) The National Sample Survey Organization(4) The Registrar-General of India (RGI)(5) The National Information Center (NIC)(6) The Center for Monitoring Indian Economy (CMIE)(7) The Federation of India Chamber of Commerce and Industries (FICCI)(8) Tata Energy Research Institution(9) The Center for Science and EnvironmentGiven such huge information centers in both countries, the public need for the Internet and its potential are vast.Areas of concern in Developing Countries triplet major areas of concern about the Internet in developing countries are(1) National information form _or_ system of government(2) restrictive framework and information infrastructure(3) comme il faut education and trainingNational information policyAwareness of various information sources in developing cou ntries is limited to oral form. Awareness in crisscross is negligible. The national information policies in developing countries concentrate on trade, international relations, national security and technology, but they barely concentrate on electronic access of information by the Internet to achieve maximum benefits. For rapid economic growth, official documents of developing countries should include high priority plans to implement electronic information delivery systems. National policy documents, like five-year plans, should contain policy statements and should be implemented on time. Sufficient funding should be available during planning and execution phases of electronic information access models.Regulatory framework and information infrastructureDeveloping countries have a regulatory framework in place, which makes protection of investment, cerebral property and individual privacy compulsory in the information market. Developing countries have legal frameworks in place, wh ich deals with private sector involvement, skilled human resources, standards and implementation. Regulatory frameworks for information do not exist.Even though information technology and telecommunications have made a way into all the markets in a developed country, in developing countries, information technology is still seen only as a means to support information management systems, finance and accounting facilities and data processing.As compared to the population numbers, the per capita penetration of computers in both India and China in the area of small office/home office (SOHO) is very insignificant. Telecommunications has also not yet picked up in India and China. If the information infrastructure were to cover the wide Indian and Chinese markets, and if technology was used for global access to information through the Internet, there would be a phenomenal economic growth in these countries. Both the countries need to urgently address the awareness of the Internet and its i mportance for policy makers at the political level.Proper education and trainingAs in developed countries, workforces in developing countries are also adopting knowledge-based methodologies rather than labor intensive ones. Surveys have shown that Internet use is associated with higher education in developed countries. The same applies to developing countries. Literacy rates in developing countries needs to be improved to a great extent. The governments, central, state and local and learning institutions and civic associations should take responsibility and should work to loyalenher to raise the literacy levels in developing countries. Information professionals should be trained on priority. Trained information professionals can make give away use of the Internet and will be more efficient in acquiring, organizing and propagating information. Developing countries are often concerned about preserving language and culture heritage and supporting political systems. They are weary of foreign economic formats. Thus, proper trainings and seminars for information professionals is a must. These trained professionals can help educate the masses and can take advantage of the benefits of the Internet. This would help in sharing of knowledge through cyberspace and would help in increasing the value of the global information sector.The Internet will support development in the following ways* Assess the information capacity of the country and determine the needs of users, organize and synthesize information and leave access to internal and external information* Disseminate information to strike the public needs and private sectors and the daily information needs of the general publicThe governments role in utilizing the Internet is very critical. It influences the appropriate use of the Internet for social and economic change in the shift from labor-intensive production to knowledge based information industries. Also, it reveals the market to a strong private informatio n sector by defining public and private sector relationships. In order to destroy monopolies and encourage competition among international and indigenous vendors, it redefines telecommunication policies.Internet Growth in IndiaInternet service in India started in 1994 with government being the monopoly provider. Service was costly and unreliable and by 1996 there were only 4,000 subscribers nationwide. In 1998, the ISP market was deregulated. By 2000, there were 225 ISPs (India Infoline 2001) and prices had dropped 60%. PC prices also dropped significantly owing to lowering of import duties. The subscriber base then grew rapidly, reaching 1.8 million in January 2001. E-mail and chat are the most popular applications (Natarajan 1999). E-commerce is yet to find wide acceptance but is expected to touch $2.3 billion by 2002 (Pai 2000a). PC penetration in urban middle class households has increased in recent times (Dataquest 2000 Pai 2000b), and has led to an increase in the Internet sub scribers. The popularity of the Internet has also had a feedback effect on PC sales (Dataquest 2000).The demand for bandwidth outstrips supply thirty-fold (Desai 2001). As of December 2000, there were only 28 million remember lines equal to a tele-density of 3.5/100 persons. Alternatives to analog modems, such as ISDN lines or cable modems, are limited. Regulations have also stifled Internet growth. The ban on Internet telephony and the requirement to obtain security clearance before setting up an international gateway are two examples. In short, Internet diffusion in India started very recently and is characterized by high telephone charges, limited customer acceptance of E-commerce applications, limited telecommunications infrastructure, and restrictive regulations. These characteristics are prevalent in many other developing countries as well.The VSNL, is still by far the dominant player in the ISP market, and maintains the backbones that most private firms will have to use to p rovide access to consumers. There is actually one take 1 gateway owned by VNSL, as well as a Level 2, through which most private companies will have to connect.1995/961996/971997/981998/991999/20002000/20012001/2002StatesPopn CAGR (81-91)EstdPopnCAGR of LinesActualLines 000Lines/100EstdLinesLines/100EstdLinesLines/100EstdLinesLines/100EstdLinesLines/100Estd LinesLines/100Estd LinesAP2.19696.9820.447971.359591.5911551.8713912.2016752.6020172.582044Assam1.20227.3721.591070.561300.681580.811920.982331.172831.16284Bihar2.14903.3019.972800.363350.434010.504810.595770.696920.68694Gujarat1.94428.6516.529162.4410672.7912433.1914483.6416874.1619654.182012Haryana2.45174.5221.312952.003572.364332.805253.316363.917713.90786Himachal1.9153.6028.271102.581413.231804.062305.102956.423786.45387JK2.5782.2913.61530.71600.79680.87770.96871.05981.0298Karnataka1.93466.5220.327841.989432.3411342.7613643.2616413.8519743.852013Kerala1.35307.7422.246812.678323.2210173.8812434.6815195.6418565.711905MP2.4170 0.2522.476231.067621.279331.5211421.8213982.1717122.141730Maharashtra2.32831.8618.7024253.3828783.9234164.5540545.2848126.1257116.195904Orissa1.85327.4419.681660.591980.692360.822820.963371.124031.11405Punjab1.91210.2225.235713.347154.18955.0311206.1814027.6017557.701813Rajasthan2.53468.7028.144941.326331.658112.0610392.5713313.2117053.171727TN1.44570.1722.0110142.1412372.5715093.0918413.7222464.4727404.502798UP2.301464.7125.538100.6810160.8312751.0216001.2520081.5425201.512537WB2.23714.4415.566100.967041.098131.239391.3910851.5712531.551265The supra table represents an extrapolation based on the s available at the end of the 1995-96 fiscal year. The s show that the penetration of phone lines is in fact growing faster than the population. In addition, the s represent only the penetration of public services, whereas the latest telecom policy calls for added investment in the private sector. Nevertheless, it is clear that the current trends in growth will not result in the planned tel ephony penetration into India (7% by 2005 and 15% by 2010). In addition, in many cases the s are skewed towards the urban regions within the states, and mask a poorly developed rural sector. Thus, the general indication at this juncture is that there is a clear need for dedicated infrastructure developed throughout india.The Impact of the internet in developing countries http//cse.stanford.edu/classes/cs201/projects-00-01/third-world/india-overview.htmlModeling Internet GrowthTo get a thorough understanding of the technicalities of Internet diffusion in developing countries, we will discuss a model, which combines contagion effects and their moveion with external factors.There are a variety of methodologies available in the market to represent dynamic processes. We will be discussing the SD (Sterman 2000) model. Some of the reasons for choosing this model are listed below* The feedback eyelet, which is the main structural element in an SD model, makes the model well suited for capt uring the interaction among different drivers of diffusion over time* The SD model not only represents quantifiable variables, but also soft variables, which help in understanding because the diffusion context has both social as well as technical aspects* brass behavior in SD models results from interaction among its feedback loopsWhen you build an SD model, you start with the development of a causative loop graph that consists of a collection of causal links. Each of these causal links has a certain polarity. A positive (negative) link is associated with a reinforcing (balancing) relation. A positive (negative) change in the cause in this scenario leads to a positive (negative) change in the effect. Small lines intersecting causal links represent the delays in an effect. A causal loop is the result of a closed instalment of causal links and the loop polarity can be easily understood from the individual link polarities. The causal loop graph results in a mathematical model in whi ch relationships are illustrated by means of time varying difference equations. A what-if analysis is conducted by simulating the mathematical model under different parametric and structural alternatives.The apt(p) above depicts the causal loop diagram for our diffusion model. The first of validation is the verification of each of the structural components involved. We will be discussing the foundation for the core component, followed by the selected components that capture external factors that are typical of developing countries. At the heart of the diagram lies the contagion based Internet Adoption, which helps PC owners become Internet subscribers. Innovation Coefficient and Imitation Coefficient drive Contagion in the same manner as in Bass 1969. The causal loop structure consisting of the above five variables would result in the familiar S-shaped diffusion curve, if it did not have any other structural components. The basic contagion apparatus is augmented by external factor s typical of developing countries. In the above , this is accomplished by driving the contagion parameters by external factors like PC price, tele-density and the level of competition allowed by regulation.Model validation Replicating spy behaviorReplicating the observed behavior is the second stage involved in validating an SD model. The given above was transformed into the corresponding difference equations and was then implemented using the iThink package.The s given below provide a comparison of the simulated and observed behavior of subscriber base and growth rates respectively, using quarterly data for India from 1996 to January 2001(Dutta. A, Roy. R, 2001)(Dutta. A, Roy. R, 2001)Conclusions from this modelThe validated model offers a synthetic environment that helps us in analyzing the effect of different external factors. Loop dominance analysis (LDA) was used in SD parlance in order to analyze the external factors. A dominant loop is one, which is mainly responsible for m odel behavior over a particular time interval. The relevance of LDA is that it helps in identifying which loops need to be modify and/or weakened, through policy actions, so that we can achieve maximum desirable behavior.Two conclusions analyzed from our model, using LDA, are listed below* Low infrastructure facility, high hourly usage costs and low geographic dispersion are dominant in the diffusion process. Regulatory policies would help in debilitative these variables and therefore would dominate the future diffusion processes.* Besides the industrial countries, security concerns have not spread intensely in developing countries. One description for this could be that e-commerce has not yet got a hold in developing countries. Political barriers hindering the growth of the InternetThe political atmosphere in India is to darned for the slow growth of both, the Internet access and the telecom infrastructure. In spite of the liberalization of Indian economy in 1991, the telecommu nication sector remained in derisory control of the government. This resulted in a number of problems for both, private firms as well as consumers.Even though the government has increased its interest in promoting the growth of the Internet throughout India, there is still a need for the review and/or removal of regulations still in place if we want the telecom exertion to flourish.The government should rethink its current policies on telecommunications, take into account the global changes brought the about by the advent of new technology, and work to create a market environment that is favorable for investment by both local and international IT firms. Impact of the Internet on various sectors in developing countriesThe Internet has appreciable potential in various sectors in developing countries Education Banking and Finance Business Government Telecommunications Travel and TourismWe will discuss the impact of Internet on some sectors in detail.a) Impact on EducationThe world o f education is undergoing some major changes, the most important of which is the use of the Internet in teaching and learning. Before the advent of the Internet the main sources of information for students were the teachers and the books available in the libraries. Now, thanks to the Internet, teachers are just one of the sources of information. Global access to information has widened their horizons to gain maximum knowledge.In this Information age, the Internet has helped involve students in active learning. They are more interested in hands-on learning, which presents them with practical, real-life experience. Studies have revealed that this style of learning results in better retention and understanding of topics. Also, learning is now not confined to the walls of the institutions. The easy and quick access to infinite resources of information has encouraged out of the box thinking.Besides these benefits, the Internet has helped in personal development of students. Social intera ction over the Internet has helped students who are shy to interact and improve their communication skills.With the advent of the Internet, the concept of online exams has also evolved. It has become easier to appear for exams like GRE, GMAT, TOEFL, technical certification like SCJP etc. These exams are now conducted online, which has helped volume in developing countries to enhance their knowledge. It has reduced the overheads and hassles involved in personally going to exam centers.One of the best examples would be CISCO human network which has promoted education in remote areas of almost all developing countries like India, Africa etc. by using the Internet for teaching through virtual classrooms which use video conferencing.b) Impact on Banking and FinanceAround the clock banking is one of the biggest advantages of Internet use in banking. With the help of the Internet, we have remote access to the banks, which helps in transfer of money overseas with concepts like RTGS from RB I, India. It has reduced daily visits to the banks because we can get regular updates about our bank details online.Expenditure on authorities services, paper, stationery etc. has been reduced which has helped in increasing the profit margins of banks besides being environment friendly. Internet has eliminated the tedious paperwork involved in banks, and has provided easy and fast access, making life much easier for bankers as well as customers.The concept of digital signatures has also picked up and it will only enhance the benefits of Internet banking. ho-hum and monotonous process of dealing with brokers has been eliminated with the help of Online Trading. Demat accounts have eliminated the concept of physical shares.c) Impact on BusinessThe Internet has provided a global source of information, which helps in developing new strategies and methodologies to enhance businesses. Even for the smallest of traders, constant updates of the prices of commodities are available online.Some companies use the Internet to build direct associations with their customers. Others are using the Internet to bring together buyers and sellers in the new tremendously efficient marketplaces. The Internet has taken the concept of e-Commerce to e-Business. The growth of the Internet has promoted inter-company trade of goods over the Internet. The best examples would be of online websites like e-Bay and other companies promoting online gifting systems. Airline industries have also benefited a lot from the Internet. Tickets can be booked online at any time of the day.d) Impact on AdvertisingThe companies attract customers by building brand awareness and by providing market information over the Internet. This can be seen in the recent initial offering (Initial Public Offerings) releases like those of Reliance Petronet. In e-business, the profits are generated not only by speeding up and automating the companys own internal processes but also by recognizing its ability to spread the ef ficiency benefits to the business systems of its suppliers and customers. The capability to team up with others may be just as much of a combative advantage as the ability to deploy the technology.e) Impact on e-GovernanceWith the growth of the Internet, heap have realized that the use of information and communication technology to provide and improve the government services can be highly beneficial. Using the Internet for e-Governance is a convenient and cost effective method to provide people access to current information. Internet can promote greater citizen participation in the nations capital. It will encourage people all over the country to interact with politicians to make their voices heard so that the political situation can improve and the countries can progress.E-Governance would make the political system more efficient, provide improved services, better accessibility of public services and would make the processes more transparent and accountable. Nowadays, online coun seling for entrance exams has reduced the overhead for the government institutions. Developing countries are now using the Internet to manage the biggest networks like railways. All travelling transactions can now be done online on websites like www.irctc.co.in (India).f) Impact on TelecommunicationsInternet has helped the developing countries in reducing the national as well as international call rates. The BRIC (Brazil, Russia, India and China) nations have all taken up the concept of VOIP (Voi

An Analysis Of Three Theories Of Personal Identity Philosophy Essay

An Analysis Of Three Theories Of Personal Identity Philosophy EssayTrying to outline yourself is like trying to bite your admit teeth Alan Watts. Personal Identity play its role as to define human with quality of its own which makes him or her a unique wiz. The identicalness of a person that is in question must be able to realize them, and he must be identified by other people. In short, what makes jakes unique from Felicia? twain internal (mind) and external (body) views are the two essential aspects that suck in to be differentiated by iodin. There are some(prenominal) general philosophical theories of this identity problem.Body guess, Soul theory and Conscious Theory will come to fit into the missing piece of the puzzle of in the flesh(predicate) identity.The body theory is unmatchable of the theories that define personal identity. It can be defined as when Person A has a personal identity if and exactly if they have the same body X. However, two problems can be foun d in this commentary. Qualitatively, it is discipline to own the same body, save if changes happened to the body, can we exempt define that person as the same one? Everyones body is definitely different if we were to compare at the age of 60 and 4. Another problem popped out on the matter of body alteration. If Felicia becomes injured by a mine at war, and then her legs have to be amputated, is she not the same person, Felicia? Therefore, the interpretation of the theory is inadequate as the same body alteration is not accounted for. On the other hand, numerically, if a person lost his riffle due to an accident, does that finger is counted as a different body? What if a scientist decided to use another persons desoxyribonucleic acid to clone another person with the exact same DNA? Two people with identical body surely cannot be the same person because they are still two different people with identical body. Both of them would be living totally different lives. Hence, in defi ning personal identity, the body theory by itself had failed to make it valid.The Soul theory will be the next common theory in defining personal identity. Similarly to the body theory Person A has a personal identity if and scarce if they have the same soul. The idea became a lot more complicated when we are trying to define a rather controversial term soul. In the religion aspect, it is thought to be spirit of a person that passes through ones body into another realm (eg. Heaven or hell). However, it is still a dark phenomenon since there is no proof that can prove its existence. For instance, when a cloud changes to grayish puffy substance, we will still say, the cloud had turned gray. In short, we still recognized it as a cloud. It is just many souls in one body. Therefore, the soul theory is also not valid as it fails in that the definiens is insufficient to define personal identity.The truest and most recognized philosophy theories about personal identity are the consciousn ess theory. However, this theory is interpreted differently in collar ways the experiential content, conscious self, and connected stream of consciousness theories. number 1 on the list, the conscious self-theory he or she is said to have personal identity if they have the same self-conscious. In another words, if there is a different conscious in two people, then twain of them has personal identity. At stolon sight, it seems like a good theory to prove personal identity. It is analogous to Descartes cogito, I think therefore I am. Secondly, the consciousness of experiences theory is the common derivatives to the theory of consciousness. It is more easily known as the experiential content. This theory comes from the Lockes theory of having the mind blank, and accumulation from experiences. One is to have personal identity because only one person can experience at one finite space. We moot twins for instance. Although they have identical bodies, the moment they were born, they a re already experiencing different moments. Therefore, both of them have personal identity because they experience different surroundings and see things in a different manner. The major problem is that we do not have the ability to call back every single experience in our life consciously. For instance, one can still tell another person what they have eaten trinity days ago but it is impossible for a person to tell another what they ate today after 10 years. In another example, one cannot be define as having different personal identity because they were drunk and acted like another person. In other words, because the human mind has failed to consciously remember every single moment of their lives, this theory eventually is invalid.The connected stream of consciousness will be the last theory about personal identity. With its definition of a persons identity is made out of a stream of connected conscious experiences, this theory eventually had solved the problem of human being otio se to remember about their experience consciously. With this theory, we will still be the same person although we are unable to remember what we have done at the age of 4 when we are 60 years old. Generally with a finite mind, conscious is affiliated in a chronological pattern. In short, we will take the river as a metaphor. If you see a river flowing every day, you will not be looking at the same part of the river (representing body or experiences), however you will not be able to dispute that is not a river. Hence, let say the river is personal identity. This theory almost had it all right then.Thomas Reid which is also my preferred option to the idea of personal identity disagreed with Lockes memory theory by reducing it to absurdity. Lockes theory was criticized for a few irrelevancies. First of all, I strongly agree with what Reid hold on to. He thinks that personal identity should be determined with something that cannot be divided into parts indivisible but not by determinin g by operations. He, too, stated the main problem of Lockes is his ideas are of confusing proves of another thing with itself. Officer paradox was introduced by Reid at his attempt to Lockes theory to absurdity.A U.S. author, James Baldwin once quoted, An identity seemed like it has arrived by the way when a person faces and uses his experience. Assuming that we will not be able to put everything into a complete puzzle, we are left with one choice. Pluck a rose, separate the petals one by one which each petals represents one idea. Whatever came out at the end, it is you call by your very own intuition.Rfrn

Yes Virginia, Dragons Do Exisit :: Argumentative Persuasive Topics

Yes Virginia, Dragons Do Exisit Dragon--even mentioning the word strikes terror into the very center of the hearts of some men. But to others, a tartar is nothing more(prenominal) than a make-believe fairy tale, or a mystical monster. Recently, startling, new, scientific discoveries have shed clear-cut on this controversial subject. Dragons, Do They Really populate? This study, compiled of shocking new facts, seems to prove that the animals known as the flying dragon, does, in fact, exist. Though the dragon may be large (approximately 45 feet long, 10 feet wide), it is exceedingly light and aerodynamic. The dragons wings are the longest limbs on the body measuring approximately 25 feet in diameter (each wing). The wings are coated with a clear covering that absorbs the humidity in the air, and keeps moist. The largest muscle in the dragons body is directly connected to the wings. The muscle, in fact, divides into five large muscles, measuring 8 feet in diamete r. The dragon weighs only 400 pounds. Its muscles carry the most weight, and the wings are second to the heaviest part in the body. The rest of the body is extremely light and brittle the grind away are hollow and light. The nervous system is extremely complex and sensitive, detecting any movement from up to 10 feet away. The Dragons eyesight, however, is extremely poor. The clearest it envisions any object is a hazy blur. Its digestive system is primitive. The liver, being the most complex digestive organ, is the largest organ--weighing over 215 pounds. The reason for the complexity of its life cycle is because of the Dragons enormous intake. While feeding, the dragon may ingest non-nutritious objects such as houses or highways. These unneeded colonies are quickly detected by the liver and pulled out of the digestion process. Reproduction in Dragons is extremely complex and painstaking, the Dragon being very picky and wary of its mate. Its mate must also be the same family and weight, or the process will be flawed and the young will die. Every 1 in 50 dragons produce one healthy egg. Dragons only live in extremely dull areas because of the lift they need for their bodies.

Jurassic Park Essays -- essays papers

Jurassic Park The author is Michael Crichton, and the book is The Lost World. Many people hire read this book, along with its predecessor, Jurassic Park, and numerous people have been enthralled with the thought of living dinosaurs in the 20th century. What if the dinosaurs did not become extinct? What if they so far exist? (The Lost World takes off a couple years after the first book. A separate island is discovered, an island where the dinosaurs were actually created. There are deuce different research groups sent to the island. One to observe the dinosaurs in the wild and the other to bring them back for research purposes. The fighting starts from there. What many people put ont know, is that these books, along with countless other Crichton works, contain many of the same themes. One of these themes is that engineering will backfire if it is taken for granted. Also, he says that power corrupts those who hold it. Chaos and randomness rule the world. Nothing can be predic ted, and nothing is as it seems. Last and not least, mother nature sits above all else. Technology plays a key role in many parts of society in todays world. Computersrun everything from huge assembly lines to the light switch. well-nigh hard-core proof thattechnology will backfire is the Year 2000 bug (Y2K). The Y2K bug will make many computers not work properly, and in many cases, they will shut down completely. Theproblem stems back some 50 years, to when the first computers were being ma...